Text A   Fallacies about Food

　　本課主要單詞

　　1.fallacy   n. 謬誤；謬論；錯誤的推理或信念

　　That the earth is flat used to be a popular fallacy.（地球是扁平的這一謬誤曾一度很流行。）

　　Needless to say， this statement is based on fallacy.（不用說，這是一個基于謬誤推理的陳述。）

　　What you had seen couldn't be true， it might be a fallacy of the eye.（你所看到的不可能是真的，也許是你的視錯覺。）

　　2.quality n. 質(zhì)量；品質(zhì)，特性　adj. 優(yōu)質(zhì)的，高級的

　　He is a man of many good qualities.（他具有許多優(yōu)秀品質(zhì)。）

　　The quality of your products is superior to that of ours.（你們的產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量比我們的好。）

　　They promised that they would offer the community a variety of quality services.（他們承諾為社區(qū)提供多項優(yōu)質(zhì)服務。）

　　You have no reason to deprive me of the right to a quality education.（你沒有理由剝奪我受良好教育的權(quán)利。）

　　qualify v. 使合適，使勝任

　　I am not very sure if he is qualified for the job.（我不很肯定他是否勝任這份工作。）

　　His skills qualify him for the job.（他的技藝使他有資格擔任這一工作。）

　　qualified adj. 有資格的；稱職的

　　What are you going to do with all these poorly qualified officers？（你會拿這些不稱職的軍官怎么樣呢？）

　　He is trying hard to make himself a qualified teacher.（他在努力使自己成為一個稱職的教師。）

　　3.savage adj. 野蠻的，未開化的；兇猛的，殘酷的　n.野蠻人，粗野的人

　　Most of the time elephants are tame but they can be very savage.（大多數(shù)時候大象很溫順，但他們也會大發(fā)野性。）

　　No one can put up with his savage manners.（誰也忍受不了他的粗暴態(tài)度。）

　　They don't know what will be there waiting for them once they get to the savage wilderness.（他們不知道進入蠻荒之后等待他們的會是什么。）

　　He was afraid that he would encounter some savages if he stayed on that isolated island.（他擔心呆在孤島上會碰上野蠻人。）

　　4.tribe n. 種族，部落；（動植物）族，類

　　This attitude still remains in some primitive tribes.（這種觀念在一些原始部落中依然存在。）

　　They didn't quite expect that the tribe of cats could give them so much trouble.（他們沒有料到貓族會給他們帶來如此多的麻煩。）

　　5.bravery n. 勇敢，大膽　brave adj. 勇敢的 　v.冒（危險等）；敢于做（某事）

　　Being a nurse requires infinite patience and bravery.（做護士需要無限的耐心和勇敢。）

　　He made a brave attempt to prevent the group fighting.（他勇敢地試圖阻止群毆。）

　　They braved all the dangers and difficulties in completing their work.（他們冒著各種危險和困難完成了任務。）

　　6.eager adj. 熱切的，渴望的

　　be eager to do sth. 渴望做某事

　　be eager for/about sth. 渴求某事

　　eager beaver 做事異常賣力的人；雄心勃勃的人

　　The eager crowd streamed into the hall.（急切的人群涌進了大廳。）

　　She opened the telegram with eager fingers.（她用手指急不可奈地拆開了電報。）

　　The teacher found all the students were eager to express their opinions.（老師發(fā)現(xiàn)所有的學生都渴望表述自己的觀點。）

　　I am eager for the performance to begin.（我熱切地等待著演出的開始。）

　　7.civilized adj. 文明的，開化的

　　civilization n. 文明，文化

　　Their aim is to create an orderly， just and civilized society.（他們的目標是建立一個有序，公正而文明的社會。）

　　Professor Smith is going to give us a lecture on the history of Western civilization.（史密斯教授將給我們做有關西方文明史的講座。）

　　China is one of the four ancient civilizations.（中國是四大文明古國之一。）

　　8.root n. 根；根本，根源；　v. （使）生根，（使）扎根

　　The edible part of this plant is its root.（這種植物的可食部分是根。）

　　She flushed to the root of her hair.（她羞得滿臉通紅。）

　　The lust for money is the root of all evils.（貪財是一切罪惡的根源。）

　　Her love for the mother country is deeply rooted.（她對祖國的愛堅貞不移。）

　　He sat there rooted like a statue.（他像一尊雕塑一樣一動不動地坐在那兒。）

　　9.magic n. 魔法，魔力；魔術(shù)

　　magical adj. 有魔力的；神秘的

　　magician n. 魔術(shù)師；巫師

　　The prince was turned by magic into a beast.（王子被魔法變成了一只野獸。）

　　We are trying to find someone to do some magic at the party.（我們正找人在晚會上玩魔術(shù)。）

　　The magic of music is beyond words.（音樂的魅力無法用言語形容。）

　　He used to believe that the old lady had magical powers.（他曾以為那個老太太有魔力。）

　　No one would ever forget this magical experience.（誰也不會忘記這一神秘的經(jīng)歷。）

　　The magician waved his wand and the rabbit disappeared. （魔術(shù)師揮了揮魔杖，兔子不見了。）

　　（注意：magic也可以做形容詞用，詞義和magical一樣。但是magic通常只能做定語用，而magical既可做定語用也可做表語用。）

　　10.poisonous adj. 有毒的

　　poison n.& v. 毒藥；中毒，毒死；破壞

　　Be careful！ It is one of the most poisonous snakes in the world.（小心，這是世界上更毒的一種蛇。）

　　Don't eat the leaves of this plant， they are poisonous.（別吃這種植物的葉子，有毒！）

　　If he drank the poison， he would probably die.（如果他喝了這毒藥，他可能會死。）

　　One man's honey is another man’s poison.（對甲有利未必對乙也有利。）

　　He poisoned his wife.（他毒死了自己的妻子。）

　　Industrial wastes are poisoning the atmosphere.（工業(yè)廢料在污染著大氣。）

　　He had poisoned the political life of the nation. （他破壞了這個國家的政治生活。）

　　11.overseas adv. 在海外，在國外 　adj. 海外的，國外的

　　He said he would travel overseas if he had a long holiday.（他說如果有長假，他就去國外旅游。）

　　These companies are investing large sums overseas.（這些公司正向海外進行高額投資。）

　　The overseas Chinese donated medicine and clothes to the flooded area.（海外華人向受災地區(qū)捐贈藥品和服裝。）

　　There is a vast overseas market for our goods.（我們的產(chǎn)品有廣闊的海外市場。）

　　12.widespread adj. 分布廣的，普遍的

　　There was a widespread belief that she committed suicide.（人們普遍認為她是自殺的。）

　　Industrial robots will be in widespread use.（工業(yè)機器人將會廣泛使用。）

　　Pollution problem is now attracting widespread attention.（污染問題正引起廣泛關注。）

　　13.digestive adj. 消化的，有消化力的

　　digest v. 消化；領會

　　digestion n. 消化；領悟

　　indigestible adj. 難理解的；難消化的

　　The doctor told him there might be something wrong with his digestive system.（醫(yī)生對他說他的消化系統(tǒng)可能有問題。）

　　It will be very helpful for you to digest the important points in the book.（領會這本書中的要點將會對你很有幫助。）

　　Every day they gave the old man food that was easy of digestion.（他們每天給老人易于消化的食物。）

　　The steak was tough and indigestible.（這牛排太老，不易消化。）

　　14.foundation n. 根據(jù)；基金會；基地

　　The early training gave her a very firm foundation.（早期的訓練給她打下了堅實的基礎。）

　　In fact the rumor is without foundation.（事實上，這個謠傳沒有根據(jù)。）

　　This conference is sponsored by the National Foundation for Educational Research.（這個會議是由全國教育研究基金會主辦的。）

　　The construction workers are laying the foundations for a 28-story building.（建筑工人們正在為一座28層的高樓打地基。）

　　15.belief n. 相信；信念

　　believe v. 相信；認為

　　It is his belief that he will succeed sooner or later.（他相信他遲早會成功。）

　　What he told me just now is really beyond my belief.（他剛才對我說的話令我難以置信。）

　　I believe we will win the match.（我相信我們會贏這場比賽。）

　　Believe it or not he got a full mark in the exam.（信不信由你，他考試得了滿分。）

　　16.combination n. 結(jié)合，聯(lián)合；化合物

　　combine v. 結(jié)合，聯(lián)合

　　The color purple is a combination of red and blue.（紫色是由紅藍兩色混合而成。）

　　The football players showed good combination.（足球隊員們配合默契。）

　　It will do us a lot of good if we can combine theory with practice.（如果把理論和實際結(jié)合起來將對我們大有好處。）

　　He very well combines the characters of soldier and poet.（他把軍人和詩人的性格很好地融合在一起。）

　　17.chiefly adv. 主要地

　　chief n. 首領；長官  　adj. 主要的

　　This vegetable juice is made up chiefly of tomatoes and cucumbers.（這種蔬菜汁主要由西紅柿和黃瓜制成。）

　　I will have to go and talk to your department chief about it.（我得和你們部門的頭兒好好談談。）

　　I think this will become the chief concern of the world today.（我認為這將成為當今世界的首要關心的問題。）

　　the editor in chief 總編　　　　　the chief engineer 總工程師

　　chief executive 更高行政長官　　chief justice 首席法官

　　chief of staff 參謀長　　　　　　chief of state 國家元首

　　18.contain v. 包含；容納；克制

　　This mini-bus can contain 18 passengers.（這輛面包車可乘坐18人。）

　　How much water can this water tank contain？（這只水箱能裝多少水？）

　　This book contains the material you need.（這本書里有你需要的材料。）

　　He cannot contain himself for the joy.（他高興得不能自制。）

　　本課主要構(gòu)詞法

　　affixation 詞綴法

　　1.名詞后綴 -ity           quality

　　2.名詞后綴 -ation；-ion；     combination， civilization， foundation， digestion

　　3.名詞后綴 -ture          mixture

　　4.形容詞后綴 -ous        poisonous

　　5.形容詞后綴 -ible      indigestible

　　6.形容詞后綴 -ful       helpful， powerful

　　7.副詞前綴 over-         overseas

　　compounding 合詞法

　　1.復合形容詞     widespread； man-eating；

　　2.復合名詞       man-eating； carbohydrate

　　本課簡介

　　本課主要介紹了由古至今人們對飲食的看法。遠古時候，人們認為吃什么補什么。文明社會的人們則一度認為人參的根，雞蛋，西紅柿有各 自不同的神奇功用。今天，人們認為魚有強身，健腦，壯骨，美膚等作用，還認為飲食方面有諸多禁忌。如此種種的說法是否有道理，本課課文會給你一個答案。

　　本課主要語言點

　　1.Many primitive people believed that by eating an animal they could get some of the good qualities of that animal for themselves.

　　本句中that 引導的是一個賓語從句。賓語從句在前幾個單元中我們已有了比較多的了解。掌握賓語從句并不困難。請看下面的句子：

　　1）You must remember that it is never too old to learn.（你必須記住：活到老學到老。）

　　2）He says that friendship is very important to him.（他說友誼對他很重要。）

　　3）Don't forget what your parents said to you.（別忘了父母對你說過的話。）

　　4）Can you tell me where the bookstore is？（你能告訴我書店在哪兒嗎？）

　　5）I don't know whether the letter is overweight.（我不知道這封信是否超重。）

　　by 后面跟動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞表示某人做了某件事，并通過這件事產(chǎn)生了某個結(jié)果。請看下面的句子：

　　1）By bribing a nurse I was able to see some files.（通過賄賂護士我才有可能看到一些卷宗。）

　　2）They made a living by selling newspapers.（他們通過賣報謀生。）

　　3）He tried to solve his problem by cheating me.（他通過騙我來解決自己的問題。）

　　4）We learn to swim by swimming.（我們在游泳中學會游泳。）

　　2.They thought that eating deer would make them run as fast as the deer.

　　本句中that同樣是引導一個賓語從句。在賓語從句中，動名詞短語eating deer做主語。請看下面的句子：

　　1）Chatting on the internet would make him forget everything.（在網(wǎng)上聊天會使他忘記一切。）

　　2）Putting on air wouldn't do you any good.（擺架子不會對你有什么好處。）

　　3）Making friends with them is no easy job.（跟他們交朋友不是一件容易的事。）

　　make sb. do sth.意思是“使某人做某事”。make 后面的復合賓語中動詞不定式符號to要省去，但是用被動語態(tài)時一定要用to，請看下面的句子：

　　1）The boss made them work from morning till night.（老板使他們從早到晚地干活。）

　　2）He made me sit here all the time.（他讓我一直坐在這兒。）

　　3）She was made to finish the book in two days （by her father）。（父親讓她兩天把書看完。）

　　4）I was made to return the money as soon as possible （by my friend）。 （朋友讓我盡快還錢。）

　　3.Some savage tribes believed that eating enemies that had shown bravery in battle would make them brave.

　　本句中的第一個that 引導的又是一個賓語從句，而后一個that 引導的是定語從句，修飾enemies.請看下面的句子：

　　1）He is a man that you can rely on.（他是一個你可以依靠的人。）

　　2）She gave me some books that I am really interested in.（她給了我一些我很感興趣的書。）

　　3）I would never forget the two years that I spent in that village.（我永遠也不會忘記我在那個村子里度過的兩年時光。）

　　本句中them brave 是make 的復合賓語，請看下面的句子：

　　1）Don't wait for him. He will make us late.（別等他了，他會使我們遲到的。）

　　2）He was afraid that the story would make things worse.（他擔心那個故事會使事情更糟。）

　　3）I didn't know that the news had been made public.（我不知道這個消息已經(jīng)公開了。）

　　4.It was once thought …

　　Eggs were thought to make the voice pretty.

　　Tomatoes were believed to have magical powers

　　They were called love apples and were supposed to make people who ate them fall in love.

　　上面的這些句子全部用的是被動語態(tài)。請翻譯下面的句子：

　　1）孩子們受到很好的照顧。（The children are well taken care of.）

　　2）這個問題更近被談論得很多。（This question has been much talked about recently.）

　　3）體育代表團在機場受到了熱烈歡迎。（The sports delegation was given a warm welcome at the airport.）

　　4）那里講什么語言？（What language is spoken there？）

　　5）這本書是為兒童寫的。（This book is written for children.）

　　6）他被認為是這個工作的更佳人選。（He is thought to be the best candidate for the job.）

　　suppose 是一個常用詞，請注意掌握。

　　1）I suppose it was reasonable for him to want his money back.（我看他想要回他的錢是合理的。）

　　2）I suppose the answer is that he was not so hardworking.（我想答案在于他不夠刻苦。）

　　3）The situation was even worse than was supposed.（形勢比料想的更糟糕。）

　　4）Who do you suppose is the right person for the job？（你認為誰是這個工作的合適人選？）

　　5）I am not supposed to talk to you about this.（我不能和你談這個。）

　　6）He was supposed to leave for Shanghai last night.（他應該昨夜動身去上海。）

　　7）Suppose / Supposing something should go wrong， what would you do？（如果有了什么差錯，你怎么辦？）

　　5.How surprised the people who thought tomatoes poisonous would be if they could know that millions of pounds of tomatoes were supplied to soldiers overseas during WWII.

　　“how surprised the people would be”是主句，這是一個感嘆句；who 引導的定語從句修飾people；if 引導的是條件狀語從句。

　　感嘆句通常用what 或how 引起。what 用來修飾一個名詞，how 修飾一個形容詞，副詞或動詞。請看下面的句子：

　　1）What a kind-hearted man he is！（他是一個多么好心的人啊！）

　　2）What good news it is！（多好的消息啊！）

　　3）What a beautiful city！（多美的城市啊！）

　　4）How lovely the children are！（多可愛的孩子啊！）

　　5）How well she writes.（她寫得多好啊！）

　　6）How I hated all this.（我多恨這一切啊！）

　　6.One such idea is that fish is the best brain food.

　　本句中that 引導的是一個表語從句。請看下面的句子：

　　1）My suggestion is that we should leave right now.（我的建議是我們現(xiàn)在就離開。）

　　2）What is troubling me is that I don't have much experience in teaching.（使我苦惱的是我在教學方面的經(jīng)驗不多。）

　　3）My idea is that we offer them more help.（我的意思是我們給他們提供更多的幫助。）

　　4）The fact is that we don't have enough hands.（事實是我們?nèi)耸植粔颉＃?/p>

　　7.Washing food down with water as a substitute for chewing is not a good idea.

　　substitute for 是一個常用詞組，意思是“代替，代用品”；substitute也可以做動詞用，意思是“替代”。請看例句：

　　1）Don't you think it a good idea to use plastic as a substitute for wood？（你覺得用塑料做木材的代用品是個好主意嗎？）

　　2）Daydreaming cannot substitute for hard work.（白日夢不能取代辛勤的努力。）

　　3）A middle-aged woman substituted for the English teacher during her absence.（英語老師不在時，由一位中年婦女代替。）

　　8.Many people think of bread as a carbohydrate food.

　　think of … as是一個習慣用法，意思是“把…看作是…”，“認為…是…”。請看下面的句子：

　　1）People think of him as a hero.（人們把他看作英雄。）

　　2）He thinks of himself as the most important member of the family.（他認為自己是更重要的家庭成員。）

　　3）The Yellow River is thought of as the cradle of the Chinese nation.（黃河被看作是中華民族的搖籃。）

　　與think of …as 意思相近的習慣用法還有regard …as；consider…as；look upon…as；view…as；see …as 等等。

　　本課主要詞組

　　1.be eager to　　　　　　　　　2.be supposed to

　　3.fall in love　　　　　　　　　 4.grow up

　　5.be supplied to　　　　　　　　6.substitute for

　　7.have sth. to do with　　　　　　8.at the meal

　　9.as a matter of fact　　　　　　 10.think of …as…

　　11.in the same way

　　本課主要句型

　　賓語從句

　　1.Many people believe that by eating an animal they could get some of the good qualities of that animal for themselves.

　　2.They thought eating deer would make them run as fast as the deer.

　　3.Some savage tribes believe that eating enemies that had shown bravery in battle would make them brave.

　　表語從句

　　1.One idea was that fish is the best brain food.

　　2.Another idea is that you should not drink water with meals.

　　3.The reason was that the acid in the orange juice would make the milk curdle and become indigestible.

　　4.A similar wrong idea is that fish and ice cream …for a poisonous combination.

　　5.Still another idea is that proteins and carbohydrates should never be eaten at the same meal.

　　感嘆句

　　1.How surprised that people…would be …。

　　形容詞，副詞的比較級和更高級

　　1.They thought eating deer would make them run as fast as deer.

　　2.Man-eating may have started because people were eager to become as strong and brave as their enemies.

　　3.One such idea is that fish is the best brain food.

　　4.Fish is good brain food just as it is good muscle food and skin and bone food.

　　5.But no one has been able to prove that fish is any better for the brain than many other kinds of food.

　　6.It is just as foolish to say that one should never eat meat and potatoes together as it is to say that one should never eat bread or drink milk.

　　Text B  Do Animals Think？

　　短語表達

　　1.a great deal

　　There is a great deal of concern about energy shortage.

　　We learned a great deal from her.

　　2.be like

　　Look at the little boy， he is so much like his father.

　　War is not like what he described in his novel.

　　3.have time for

　　I don't know why he didn’t have time for breakfast.

　　Don't worry， we will have enough time for discussion.

　　4.engage in

　　He is trying very hard to engage the woman in further conversation.

　　It is not appropriate for a former president to engage in commerce.

　　5.take care of

　　The old people are well taken care of in the nursing homes.

　　She took care of her little brother while mother was away.

　　6.in some / many respects

　　in one / this respect

　　He is different from the people around him in many respects.

　　We are lagging behind at least in one respect.

　　7.except

　　I knew nothing about Jane except what I had heard at the party.

　　There was nothing we could do except wait and pray.

　　All the boys except Tom went camping last week.

　　In the evening she never went anywhere except to the nearest coffee house.

　　8.connect with

　　There is no evidence to connect the young man with the theft.

　　Good health is connected with diet.

　　There are serious questions connected with the radioactive waste disposal （放射性廢料的處理）。

　　9.make improvement in

　　The company made great improvement in the wages and working conditions of the employees.

　　Animals do not make any real improvement in their ways of doing things.

　　10.by instinct

　　She knew by instinct that he wouldn't be back.

　　Birds build their nests by instinct.

　　11.speak of

　　Professor Blackwell always speaks highly of his assistant.

　　Did he speak of the serious earthquake that struck Taiwan last week？

　　12.let out

　　“Let me out，” the boy shouted，but nobody came.

　　The prisoners were let out of their cells.

　　13.as if

　　He looked at me as if I were mad.

　　She opened her eyes as if conscious of my gaze.

　　He works so hard as if he never knew fatigue.

　　14.have one's wits about one〔機警，保持警覺〕

　　In this part of the city you have to have your wits about you all the time.

　　He felt it unnecessary to have his wits about him on such a friendly occasion.

　　15.a variety of

　　Don't bother him， he has a variety of duties to perform.

　　The college library has a wide variety of books.

　　16.difference between

　　Will you please tell me the difference between the two countries？

　　I cannot see any difference between the two oil paintings.