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2017年成人英語三級考試語法專項知識精講(12)

2017年03月21日    來源: 網(wǎng)絡(luò)   字體:   打印
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  所謂垂懸結(jié)構(gòu)(The Dangling Construction)就是一個句子成分,如分詞短語,不定式動詞短語等,找不到被修飾的主語或被修飾的對象不合邏輯。垂懸結(jié)構(gòu)是種錯誤的句法,應(yīng)該避免。

  下面是三種常見的垂懸結(jié)構(gòu)及其改正方法:

  ⒈垂懸分詞或分詞短語,如:

 ?、?Climbing up the hill, several boars were seen.

  這句子里的現(xiàn)在分詞短語(present participial phrase)修飾主語“several boars”是錯的;改正方法有二:

 ?。╝)確定是邏輯主語,使句子變成“Climbing up the hill, the explorers saw several boars.”

 ?。╞)把現(xiàn)在分詞短語擴大為副詞分句(也稱狀語從句):“When the explorers climbed up the hill, they saw several boars/ several boars were seen.”

  ⒉垂懸副詞短語,如:

  ② After putting a shrimp on the hook, the fish began to bite.

  這句的副詞短語(adverb phrase)和主語“the fish”有什么邏輯關(guān)系呢?真正的邏輯主語應(yīng)該是“the fisherman”或“the angler”才對。改正方法和例①同:

 ?。╝) After putting a shrimp on the hook, the fisherman found that the fish began to bite.

 ?。╞) After the fisherman had put a shrimp on the hook, the fish began to bite.

 ?、炒箲也欢ㄊ絼釉~短語,如:

  ③ To write well, a lot of practice is needed.

 ?、?To be a loyal employee, a sense of belonging is a must.

  這兩個句子的不定式動詞短語(infinitive phrases)并不能修飾“practice”和“a sense of belonging”,真正的主語必須是“ 人”,如:

 ?。╝) To write well, one needs a lot of practice/a person has to practise a lot.

  (b) To be a loyal employee, he or she must have a sense of belonging.

  上述三類垂懸結(jié)構(gòu)中,第一類發(fā)生的頻率更高,必須注意。但是在下列三種情況下,分詞短語是對的,它們并非垂懸結(jié)構(gòu):

  第一,獨立結(jié)構(gòu)(The Absolute Construction,見3月7日《中英合談》)中的分詞短語有自己的主語,所以不是垂懸結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:

  ① Such being the case, we can go home now./……it is not wrong to call it a day.

  第二,當(dāng)分詞含有介詞或連詞性質(zhì)時,它不需要邏輯主語,所以沒有垂懸問題存在。例如:

 ?、?Owing to a lack of funds, the project has to be discontinued.

 ?、?Provided that there is sufficient time, everyone can do the job better.

  第三,當(dāng)分詞短語是用來表示說話者的態(tài)度或意見時,也不需要邏輯主語,因此也不存在著垂懸問題。例如:

  ④ Judging from his facial look, the news must have been terrible.

 ?、?Taken as a whole, there is nothing wrong with the logic behind that idea.

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